Western and central Africa are facing one of the biggest cholera epidemics in their history, the World Health Organisation and the United Nations Children’s Fund said last month, in reporting that more than 85,000 cases of cholera have been registered since the beginning of the year, with nearly 2,500 deaths.

Unicef has identified three main cholera epidemic outbreaks in the Lake Chad basin, the West Congo basin and Lake Tanganyika. The disease, which is spreading along watercourses, has been made worse by the recent rainy season. Five countries – Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (RDC) and Chad – account for 90% of the reported cases and fatalities.

Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacillus. It is still one of the clearest indicators of social development. The disease spreads through water, which has been in contact with the faecal matter of infected people, reappearing periodically in countries unable to secure access to clean drinking water and adequate sanitation.

Almost all developing countries are plagued by occasional cholera epidemics, facilitated by the short incubation period, which ranges from two hours to five days. but it is a long time since central and western Africa suffered such a serious epidemic.

“The highest rates of contamination are in Chad, Cameroon – where nine out of 10 districts are affected – and western RDC, where the mortality rate is over 5%,” Unicef spokeswoman Marixie Mercado said, adding that the rate is over 22% in some regions. these figures are particularly dramatic, given that with appropriate treatment – antibiotics and intravenous rehydration – mortality can be brought down to 1%.

One reason for the high mortality rate is the lack of medical care. a lack of public awareness is also a factor. The current peaks in the epidemic are in areas where the disease is not endemic, according to the UN agencies.

“We have just received reports of a sudden outbreak of cholera in the Central African Republic, where the disease has not been seen for years. That means people are less aware of how to prevent an epidemic and how to react,” Mercado said. in Congo the disease reappeared in September in provinces where it had not been reported in the past decade.

Most of the people infected display no symptoms and the bacillus may survive in their faeces for one to two weeks. If the disease does break out, 80-90% of cases are harmless or only moderately severe, making it difficult for doctors to distinguish them from other forms of acute diarrhoea.

So it is vital to raise individual and community awareness to prevent the disease from spreading, all the more so in countries where most people do not have access to clean drinking water and latrines.

The situation seems particularly serious in Chad, where the WHO had registered 16,000 cases and 433 deaths by 5 October. “Some 6,500 cases of cholera were reported in 2010 and the epidemic has never really stopped since. Whereas the period before the rainy season is usually fairly quiet, the first cases this year appeared in April, without us being able to identify the origin of the outbreak,” says Michel-Olivier Lacharité, the regional head of Médecins Sans Frontières. The epidemic has affected more than half of Chad’s health districts and in September it reached the area bordering on Sudan. since the beginning of the year, 350 MSF staff have been working there, spread over 23 sites.

“The worst of the epidemic is in the capital. outside N’Djamena we hope that the peak of the epidemic may be past, particularly with the end of the rainy season,” said Antoine Peigney, head of international operations at the French branch of the Red Cross, which has set up a cholera treatment centre. It aims to take charge of 65,000 people, comprising 3,000 patients receiving treatment, and thousands of families who will be targeted by campaigns to raise awareness of the importance of hygiene, which is essential to containing the epidemic.

This story originally appeared in Le Monde.

is the occurence of rashes around the wound site any symptom of tetanus? infact there was no cut, just a bruise and that too from outside a thin pyjama (no direct skin contact).

regards

Jimmy, the signs and symptoms of tetanus may appear anytime from a few days to several weeks after tetanus bacteria enter your body through a wound (not a bruise). the average incubation period is seven to eight days.

Common signs and symptoms of tetanus, in order of appearance, are:
Spasms and stiffness in your jaw muscles
Stiffness of your neck muscles
Difficulty swallowing
Stiffness of your abdominal muscles
Painful body spasms, lasting for several minutes, typically triggered by minor occurrences, such as a draft, loud noise, physical touch or light

Other signs and symptoms may include:
Fever
Sweating
Elevated blood pressure
Rapid heart rate

When to see a doctor
See your doctor to obtain a tetanus booster shot if you have a deep or dirty wound and you haven't had a booster shot within the past five years or aren't sure of your vaccination status. or see your doctor about a tetanus booster for any wound — especially if it may have been contaminated with dirt, animal feces or manure — if you haven't had a booster shot within the past 10 years or aren't sure of your vaccination status.

I don't think you can get it without a break in the skin. in fact, it's often associated with deeper puncture wounds, like stepping on a rusty nail. That's also because I think it's said the bacteria like that kind of environment. but it's not limited to that. I read that there was a case where someone got it just from shaving. After infection I believe the bacteria give off a toxin that causes serious muscular spasm, thus the old fashioned term for it, "lock jaw." if you're concerned you might see about getting a tetanus booster. I think they're good for about ten years.

STD: about STDs incubation period

syphilis: 2 ~ 3 weeks; gonorrhea: 2 to 10 days; Feilin urethritis: 1 ~ 3 weeks; warts: 3 weeks to 8 months, an average of 3 months; genital herpes :2-20 days, an average of 6 days; venereal lymphogranuloma: 6 to 21 days, an average of 7 to 10 days.

this incubation period, if some unpleasant symptoms, such as:

? genital ulcers of primary syphilis of the typical symptoms. Generally about one centimeter in diameter ulcer, male penis Coronal in the site, while women in the labia majora, labia minora, or cervix. the ulcer surface, no obvious pus, the patient I do not feel pain, is often overlooked until the second stage of syphilis rash when to the hospital.

? genital appearance of verrucous material may be infected with genital warts. Infected with genital warts patients typically have little uncomfortable, not only does not cause urination pain, discomfort, not the outer genital ulcers. it is quietly, gradually increasing until the day the patient intentionally or unintentionally note outer genitals appeared in small verrucous material. Genital warts men prevalent in the coronary sulcus of the penis, the foreskin inside, women peruvian handicrafts more common in the labia majora and labia minora, but may also occur in the urinary genital other parts, such as the urethra, cervix, etc. are not easily detectable to the Department.

? genital blisters may appear small contracted genital herpes. it is characterized by a small pile of outer genitals appear about 4 to 5 small blisters, local there is a burning or tingling. these small blisters soon ulceration from small pieces of erosion surface. the general symptoms of genital herpes is very light, even died after 7 to 10 days can be long on the erosion surface, but easy to relapse, to patients tremendous psychological pressure.

? urethra appeared purulent discharge to suspect may be infected with gonorrhea.

direct damage to reproductive organs is usually sexually transmitted diseases. the most common gonorrhea and non-gonococcal urethritis showed urogenital inflammation, resulting in urine urethral pain, burning sensation. Urethra with or thin or thick purulent discharge. Gonorrhea female reproductive system, causing inflammation, purulent vaginal discharge, low back pain, lower abdominal pain. Genital warts can grow out of different size cauliflower mass, easy bleeding, the surface there is evil Nephritis foul purulent secretion material. In severe cases, the external female genitalia can sometimes have more cauliflower mass covered, and even the urine are having difficulties, the patient pain. Genital herpes external genitalia occurred small blisters, ulceration resulting from a small amount of discharge of shallow ulcers and a very severe pain. Syphilis, chancroid, venereal lymphogranuloma and so in the genital area also have lesions. Sexually transmitted diseases in addition to damage to reproductive organs, it will also lead to internal organs and body lesions, such as gonorrhea, syphilis may occur visceral damage. where syphilis cause visceral damage are many and serious, can affect the heart, liver, kidney, brain and spinal cord, thus showing the symptoms are very complex. Suspicious symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases, should immediately go to hospital. some sexually transmitted diseases in a timely manner as long as the standard treatment is complete cure, such as gonorrhea, syphilis, non-gonococcal urethritis. however, if patients do not go to hospital to receive a regular antibiotic treatment, but their irregular medication, will be held up because they can not completely cure the disease, into a chronic process, serious damage to health.

the most common types of sexually transmitted diseases symptoms

chlamydia – a bacterial infection, is the most common sexually transmitted diseases, but if early treatment is by antibiotics cured. 75% of female patients and 25% of male patients will not have symptoms.

symptoms: fecal abnormalities, urinary pain, lower abdominal pain or intercourse pain.

gonorrhea – which is a bacterial disease transmitted, it can attack people of the cervix, urethra, rectum, eyes or throat, and often with chlamydia disease coexist.

symptoms: feeling when urinating burning or itching, perhaps you may also be any symptoms at all.

human papilloma virus – also known as HPV or genital warts, the United States the most common of infectious diseases. As the disease the name indicated, this is a virus, once by its infection, the disease will be accompanied by life. Warts may have been born outside the vulva, vagina, cervix, anus, or even appear in the throat. Genital warts treatments, including through the condensation therapy freezing, laser therapy, surgery to remove or use of chemical treatments. even after treatment, genital warts may later relapse, some of these viruses can also cause cervical cancer. therefore, had suffered an HPV of the women, each at least once a Pap test. for susceptible infections should be more than a few times a Pap test.

symptoms: warts may have been born outside the genitals, vagina, cervix, anus, or even appear in the throat.

genital herpes – also known as Type II herpes, is through the skin transmitted. Symptoms began to show the genitals, thighs or buttocks itching or burning itch, pain. then, genitals, buttocks, anus or other parts of the body will clear ulcer. these wounds within a few weeks recovery, but for most people, the disease will relapse. Herpes Although no cure, but can take antiviral drugs control the disease, these drugs can reduce the disease outbreak frequency, alleviate the condition. however, in pregnancy risk of herpes can cause severe syndrome. Genital herpes is herpes simplex virus type ?, ?-type caused by sexually transmitted one.

symptoms: begins as the genitals, thighs or buttocks itching or burning itch, pain. then, genitals, buttocks, anus or other body parts will be obvious ulcers. these wounds within a few weeks recovery, but for most people, the disease will relapse. Herpes Although no cure.

Trichomoniasis – this is caused by a parasite infection, the symptoms of vaginal discharge, intercourse discomfort, urination pain, and vaginal odor. for the patients themselves, especially men, are likely to suffer from trichomoniasis and you know nothing. Because this disease is often no symptoms. Because the disease is caused by parasites, so medicines can be treated by antibiotics. Trichomonas vaginitis is a common gynecological diseases. it consists of Trichomonas vaginalis cause. Trichomoniasis through sexual intercourse can be directly passed to the woman.

symptom: intercourse discomfort, urination pain, and vaginal odor.

syphilis – this is caused by bacterial infection, it can attack the human heart, eyes, brain, bones and nervous system. Early syphilis manifested perineal painless ulcer, usually infected after 10 days to 3 months after beginning to emerge. Pale spirochetes of syphilis is Treponema pallidum that is caused by a chronic sexually transmitted diseases. Can affects the skin, mucous membranes and a variety of other tissues and organs.

symptoms: genital painless ulcer, usually infected after 10 days to 3 months after beginning to emerge.

• How long incubation period venereal disease, what are the symptoms? Urgent! Which Men Qingdao …
• Latency of various types of sexually transmitted diseases
• Latency problems on sexually transmitted diseases
• Incubation period of STDs tips!
• What STD latency performance contagious?

Invasion by Clostridium tetanus tetanus wound, growth and reproduction in the secretion of toxins within the wound, resulting in functional disorders. The major clinical manifestations of stress for the motor nerve system, increased muscle spasms sustained contraction characteristics.Clostridium tetanus is widely distributed in nature. When the dogs in outdoor activities after injury caused by breaking of the disease are likely to be infected. So after injury should be broken in the open to the veterinary department immediately tetanus antitoxin.

    The disease incubation period of 5-10 days up to several weeks long. The site of injury from the head closer, faster onset, and symptoms are also important.Compared to dogs and other animals, strong resistance against tetanus toxin. Common clinically localized muscle tonic contraction. However, some patients can see a whole body tonic spasm, trismus sensitive to light, afraid of the sound, fear of shock, a little boost to the performance of dogs suffering from excitement, muscle rigidity, shaped like a horse, after mouth hanging, ears erect and move closer to instantaneous film exposure, touch the body suffering from muscle stiffness in dogs. Spastic contraction of respiratory muscles can be seen as breathing difficulties. Masseter muscle contraction of the risk of dog chewing difficulty swallowing.Tetanus course very different, and some severe cases of death within 2-3 days. happens slowly and some not serious. most of the deaths 3-10 days after onset of symptoms. Recovery period may last a long time, sometimes even after 4-6 weeks was observed movement is not flexible and the symptoms of muscle stiffness.most cases of poor prognosis, due to difficulty eating, resulting in malnutrition, failure and death. But the local rigidity of the patients with good prognosis in dogs.    [Diagnostics]

    according to the clinical symptoms and the disease has broken tonic contraction of muscle after injury, and most can be diagnosed temperature is normal.

    Elimination of pathogens, and toxins, calm antispasmodic, anti-bacterial inflammation of the symptomatic treatment.(1) to identify wound debridement, with hydrogen peroxide (30%) wash the wound, and then partially treated with 2-5% iodine wound, wound Nei Sabu iodoform sulfa powder. Wound exposure, avoid dressing.(2) intramuscular injection of tetanus antiserum or static 3-5 million units / time, 1 time / day, once every three days.(3) anti-bacterial anti-inflammatory, penicillin 50 000 units / kg body weight, 2-3 times / day. Continuous injection of a week.(4), antispasmodic sedative, chlorpromazine 5 mg / kg body weight.

This entry was posted on Friday, April 22nd, 2011 at 9:34 am and is filed under Uncategorized. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.

Everywhere you turn you see it for the news. Bird flu is for the rise and persons are scared. getting out more about it can help you find out the simplest way to defend you as well as your family.

H5N1: what’s it?

Also often known as Avian Flu, the H5N1 trojan is typically viewed among wild birds and is as common as the person’s cold and is despatched between birds. Domesticated birds also can be at chance to catch Avian Influenza from wild birds.

There is undoubtedly an incubation period of 1-5 days between the time of exposure and the development of indicators and may very effectively be fatal within 2 days. The concern and concern regarding this potential pandemic is that once a trojan starts to mutate, it behaves differently and may very effectively be despatched between species. that is the circumstance with HIV. HIV started out in monkeys and is typically viewed as a trojan between monkeys. following the trojan mutated, it spread to humans and the effects materialize to be tragic. The trojan is already showing evidence of mutation as situations involving cats and pigs materialize to be recently brought to light. The other concern and threat arrives from the issue of Human-to-Human contact. once the Bird Flu mutates into a strand which could be without difficulty communicable between humans, we could see a pandemic of Avian Flu. perfect now, the best technique to avoid a pandemic is via careful prevention and checking the H5N1 trojan closely.

The indicators are very similar for almost any person’s Flu strains that we’re familiar with. Fever, aching throats, coughs, muscle aches and pains, and normal malaise are all evidence of the virus. Other indicators incorporate Pneumonia and difficulty breathing. if indicators are identified earlier enough, it may very effectively be taken care of successfully. However, there’s the threat of passing away if its left on its own.

Protecting yourself from Avian Influenza: Goggles and Gloves

Currently, Bird Flu is being viewed in Asia and Europe. since the critical to preventing the spread or mutation of the trojan is protection, it will very likely be strongly proposed that persons who’re dealing with anything that has been potentially contaminated with the virus, put on goggles, gloves and masks specially specially designed to defend in opposition to the virus. you’ll have to also be certain that you receive an yearly flu shot to defend yourself from having common Influenza during the identical time, will need to you catch Bird Flu. The two viruses together could mutate resulting in the strand that contributes to a pandemic. Always practice great hygiene, hands washing, and stay away from places which could very effectively be contaminated with AvianFlu.

nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/avianflu/htm/_no_100_no_0.htm

With this information, you could defend your loved ones in opposition to a potential outbreak of the Avian Flu virus.

Diseases have their own incubation period when it comes to infectious types.

The answer is nope, however, there is no assurance you will never have the disease because it is only transmission that is done. Disease progression depends on several factors: your body's resistance, the actual potency of the disease causing agent that you got, and the balanced of the two.

Signs of herpes tend to develop within 3-7 days of skin-to-skin contact with an infected person.

Herpes infections look like small blisters or ulcers (round areas of broken skin) on the genitals. each blister or ulcer is typically only 1-3 millimeters in size, and the blisters or ulcers tend to be grouped into "crops." usually the blisters form first then soon open to form ulcers. Herpes infections may be painless or slightly tender. In some people, however, the blisters or ulcers can be very tender and painful.

no you cannot

I have never had an STD but it is likely that you could! but Highly UNLIKELY

NO….. for all STD's there is an incubation period. mostly days. it takes time for your body to react to the "bugs"

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea?

Symptoms of gonorrhoea

The incubation period varies from 2 to 14 days with most symptoms occurring between days 2 and 5 after being infected from an infected partner. A small number of people may be asymptomatic for several months.

Men

In male patients dysuria accompanied by thick, copious, purulent (condensed milk-like) urethral discharge is the most common presentation. Examination show a reddened external urethral meatus. Without effective treatment, ascending infection could extend to the epididymis, testes or prostate causing symptoms such as scrotal pain or swelling.

Men and women with rectal gonorrhea may present with anal discharge, perianal pruritus, tenesmus and rectal bleeding. Proctoscopy shows inflamed mucous membrane with little mucous.

The fact sheet from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) states, "Many men with gonorrhea may have no symptoms at all, some men have some signs or symptoms that appear two to five days after infection; symptoms can take as long as 30 days to appear. Symptoms and signs include a burning sensation when urinating, or a white, yellow, or green discharge from the penis. sometimes men with gonorrhea get painful or swollen testicles."

Between 30-60% of women with gonorrhoea are asymptomatic or subclinical.[1] The patient may complain of a vaginal discharge, dysuria, intermenstrual bleeding or postcoital bleeding. The cervix may appear anywhere from normal to the extreme of marked cervicitis with a mucopurulent exudate. Involvement of the urethra causes little dysuria, purulent secretion and frequency. The combination of urethritis and cervicitis on examination is very suggestive of the diagnosis as both sites are infected in most patients.

More advanced symptoms, which may indicate development of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), include cramps and pain, bleeding between menstrual periods, vomiting, or fever.

burning during urination, constant burn or itching discharge smelly discharge pain during intercourse back pain and pelvic pain

Kinda depends if you are a male or female. For Males, the usual symptoms are burning sensation while urinating, and an oozing liquid from the tip of the penis. there may also be a bit of an aching sensation in the testicles.
Female symptoms are often less noticeabe, but also some burning when urinating, but not always.
For males and females both, the cure is one dose, 800 mg of norfloxacin.

The symptoms of gonorrhea differ in men and women. For women, the primary organ affected is the cervix. However, when gonorrhea is not properly diagnosed and treated, this sexually transmitted disease – STD – often spreads to the uterus and the fallopian tubes. Men infected with gonorrhea experience symptoms that primarily affect the urethra. Discover the gender-related symptoms of gonorrhea in both men and women. The cervix is primarily affected in women infected with this sexually transmitted disease; however gonorrhea can spread to the uterus and fallopian tubes if left untreated.

A burning sensation while peeing, green discharge.

How long does it take to show symptoms of Hepatitis B after you've been infected with the disease?

Its called the Incubation Period
and It varies from 2 to 6 months in Hepatitis B

like if something bit them in the leg that had rabies, how long would it take for them to show symptoms?

In humans, the incubation period for rabies is 10 days to ~1 year, with an average of 30-50 days

We’ve already established that a person infected with the zombie “virus” will likely not show any signs of sickness for an extended period of time.  Now ZRS Researcher Jim Wagner suggests that rabies may provide further evidence to support this theory.

Rabies is a viral neuroinvasive disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain, and is almost always fatal if not treated prior to onset of symptoms.  It’s transmitted by animals, most commonly from a bite, but occasionally through other forms of body fluid contact.  And the similarities between rabies and zombiism don’t end there:

“Early-stage symptoms of rabies include malaise, headache and fever, later progressing to acute pain, violent movements, and uncontrolled mania and aggression.”

In terms of incubation, the rabies virus travels to the brain through peripheral nerves, and so the time period depends on how far the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.  A bite on the neck might result in death within a matter of days, while a scratch on the foot might take many months to show any symptoms.

Wagner argues that a zombie infection likely works the same way.  And because the incubation period for rabies can last between ten days and seven years, a zombie outbreak may be nearly impossible to pinpoint, isolate and control if he is correct.

Imagine being infected and not knowing it for almost a decade, then suddenly falling ill, dieing, and coming back to feed on your defenseless family and friends all within just a few hours.

Makes it hard to trust anyone, including yourself.