NAIROBI (21 April 2011)— Research released in anticipation of World Malaria Day finds that plants in East Africa with promising antimalarial qualities—ones that have treated malaria symptoms in the region’s communities for hundreds of years—are at risk of extinction. Scientists fear that these natural remedial qualities, and thus their potential to become a widespread treatment for malaria, could be lost forever.

A new book by researchers at the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Common Antimalarial Trees and Shrubs of East Africa, provides a detailed assessment of 22 of the region’s malaria-fighting trees and shrubs. while over a thousand plant species have been identified by traditional healers as effective in the prevention or treatment of malaria symptoms, the species in the book were assigned by both traditional medicinal practitioners and scientists as those that have potential for further study.

According to researchers, many species of trees in East Africa are at high risk of extinction due to deforestation and over-exploitation for medicinal uses. Scientists in the field have been able to identify at-risk tree species, including those that have antimalarial qualities, by monitoring deforestation in the region and by talking to herbalists and local communities. According to researchers, not all species of antimalarial trees are at risk, particularly those that grow wild in lowland and coastal areas.

ICRAF is doing its part preserving these trees and shrubs by holding samples of most of the species with antimalarial qualities in its genebank and growing these trees in plant nurseries at its headquarters in Nairobi. The ICRAF genebank holds close to 200 species, of which at least 30 are known to have antimalarial properties.

The field data was gathered by ICRAF scientists conducting research across Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, where they met with approximately 180 herbalists and 100 malaria patients in 30 separate communities. KEMRI supported the process by supplying the information about each plant’s chemical compound make-up—research that is the result of a sophisticated laboratory process developed by KEMRI for testing natural products.

“We’ve only scratched the surface on the potential value of these plants. Although widely used by farmers and people in rural communities, most of this information has never been collected in a comprehensive way by researchers,” said Dr. Geoffrey Rukunga, Director of KEMRI’s Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research and one of the book’s co-authors. “Going forward, I’d like to see more investment and more research on the power of these plants to fight the scourge of malaria and other diseases.”

One of the drugs most widely used historically to treat malaria, quinine, was derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree in South America. Today, the world’s newest, most-effective therapeutic treatment for malaria also comes from a plant, the Artemisia annua shrub. However, access to malaria therapies based on artemisinin compounds remains low—around 15 percent in most parts of Africa and well below the World Health Organizations’ 80 percent target.

Additionally, the malaria parasite’s ability to resist artemisinin is already beginning to emerge in Southeast Asia. this comes years after the World Health Organization labeled the spreading resistance of malaria to cheap and widely available drugs such as chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine as a major public health problem. The increasing failure of once-effective malaria drugs has added urgency to the search for promising new targets.

Malaria still kills some 800,000 people per year, the majority of whom are children under five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. a lack of access to doctors and drugs leaves many communities in Africa with few alternatives other than looking for natural remedies to address symptoms of malaria, including high fever, severe headaches, bone aches, nausea and vomiting.

“We’re not saying that using these medicinal plants is a replacement for common prevention treatments like bed nets or effective medicines like ACT,” said Dr Najma Dharani, a Consultant Research Scientist at the ICRAF in Nairobi, Kenya, who led the field research portion of the study. “But we believe that it’s worth learning from communities that have been treating malaria symptoms with plants for hundreds of years. We need to do more research because one of these plants could prove to be the next Artemisia, and we need to do our best to preserve the plants that are going extinct.”

Indeed, without clear research or proper guidance for their sustainable use, many of the plants with medicinal properties are being over-exploited and are in danger of extinction. One such plant, which is critically endangered in Kenya and threatened in other regions, is Zanthoxylum chalybeum, commonly known as “Knobwood.” It grows in dry woodlands or grasslands of eastern and southern Africa and has been found to have antimalarial properties that need to be further explored. an extraction process from leaves, bark or root is used to effectively treat a malarial fever in many communities. other uses for the plant include infusing tea with the leaves, making toothbrushes, and using the seeds as beads in traditional garments.The African wild olive (Olea europaea Africana), also threatened in East Africa due to over-exploited for timber, contains organic extracts with significant levels of antimalarial activity, and is used to treat malarial and other fevers. The plant also acts as a natural laxative to expel parasites or tapeworms.

“Throughout my eight years of research in Africa, I have seen that we have an entire pharmacy in our farms and in our forests. We have plants that should be used by scientific companies to develop more options for malaria drugs,” said Dr. Dharan. “And we cannot become complacent and rely on one herb, because we’ve learned that developing resistance is likely.”

Beyond the complicated process to extract and test antimalarial compounds from these trees, scientists have struggled to track or replicate the treatment process as it occurs in communities. Besides the plant itself, there may be other factors contributing to a malaria patient’s recovery. For example, a healer may combine one plant with another that changes its chemical compound and boosts its effectiveness. Unless more is done to understand these processes in the field, scientists in laboratories and researchers at major drug companies will lose that knowledge.

“While we’ve made scientific progress identifying these compounds over the last few years, the fact is that we may lose these important trees before we’ve had a chance to understand their ability to defend us against malaria, a disease that devastates Africa—killing hundreds of thousands of our children and costing us billions of dollars in productivity year after year,” said Dr. Rukunga. “We need to approach this as an opportunity on multiple fronts: to preserve the biodiversity that may hold the next cure, to strengthen the research done on the ground in communities, and to continue our diligent work testing our natural resources in the lab.”

Source: Antimalarial trees in East Africa threatened with extinction

I was bitten 6 times by mosquito( red bump). and now i am a bit dizzy and feel like vomiting. May i know when the symptoms of malaria and dengue fever, and how long does it take for the symptoms appear?

please ans in this format.
Malaria-symptoms:
How long it take to appear:

Dengue fever-symptoms:
How long it take to appear:

he gave me a mdicine named something like chlorofin laringo……..after i took it i m feeling the side effects of it…what should i do?

Malaria is a mosquito-born infectious disease. It is caused by a eukaryotic protist of the genus plasmodium. its occurrence can be seen more in tropical and sub-tropical regions. parts of the Americas (22 countries) and major areas of Asia and Africa are regions where malaria has spread already.

More than 250 million cases of malaria, killing more than 2 million people, killing millions of children in Sub-Saharan Africa – malaria has been a prominent source of death and destruction in the world. Malaria is generally associated with poverty and is a major obstacle to economic growth.

Causes

Humans can be infected by five species of plasmodium parasite. Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium knowlesi – these are the five species which are responsible for the infection of malaria. some are fatal and some others are mild. Plasmodium falciparum causes the cerebral malaria symptoms which is said to be a life-threatening and serious form of malaria.

A mosquito bite causes malaria. The parasite microbe is getting into the blood through a sharp, hypoderme needle-like sting. When one travels intyo mosquito infected areas and when one is bitten by a mosquito, he becomes a victim to malaria. When infected blood is transfused into the body of a normal person, it gets transmitted.

Symptoms

Symptoms visit alternately and stay for a longer duration. This will be the case in the initial stages. Malaria-causing parasite is responsible for the cyclic infection of the disease. If the symptoms of malaria surface following a cyclic pattern, it is a sure case of malaria. these symptoms can be realized in bacterial, viral and parasitic infections also.

• Chills, fever and profuse sweating will be experienced regularly
• Jaundice symptoms getting displaced are a possibility
• Bloody stools tend to develop
• Muscle pain will be experienced to a great extent
• Anemia
• Headache, nausea and vomiting will add to the list of growing grievances by occurring frequently

Treatment

Malaria is a deadly disease that is spread by thirsty blood sucking mosquitoes. This kind of disease grows rapidly and kills. Prevention such as personal protective measures and anti malaria pills are highly effective. being knowledgeable about malaria, its cause and symptoms can also serve as a constructive measure to its prevention. Malaria being a deadly disease can be prevented as follows:

Keep your environment clean – mosquitoes likes dirty and stinky environments and can be easily found in waste bins, vulnerable areas, stagnant water, dirty rooms etc. with adequate cleansing practice, you can prevent mosquito bite which is known as the most common way of transmitting malaria parasite.

Avoid mosquito bite by sleeping under bed nets and wear clothes treated with insecticide eg permatrin. the use of bed net is the most widely applied method of preventing malaria.

Take Anti-malaria pill- the type of pill you take should depend on the country you visit or residence to. Note that no anti malaria medication is 100% effective but can serve as a good measure in treating infected person

Be knowledgeable about malaria by understanding malaria symptoms. You should know that symptoms start from 7days or months after mosquito bites depending on the type of parasite that was injected in you

Always seek medical attention when symptoms are noticeable.

Avoid outdoors between dust and dawn especially when malaria are most active.

Make use of repellents. Repellents are most widely used in waterlogged areas where mosquitoes are denser. This means of repelling mosquitoes does not ony kill mosquitoes but also help in preventing the inconveniences caused by mosquitoes.

please help me!

malaria symptoms
In the early symptoms malaria can resemble the onset of flu, periods of chills and fever lasting several hours and occurring every few days. Respite can last from several days to several months. If not treated, the spleen and the liver become enlarged, anemia and jaundice develop. in severe cases delirium and unconsciousness may lead to death from general weakness, anemia, or clogging of the vessels of cerebral tissues by affected red blood cells. Cerebral malaria is mainly encountered in young children and pregnant women.

The disease is transmitted by mosquitos – they generally are most active in the evening, night and early morning, expecially if there is no wind. So avoid going outside at these times unless you are wear long sleeves and pants to cover exposed skin, use insect repellent and use mosquito nets over doors, windows and beds.

Various medicines help prevent infection but no no antimalarial prophylaxis is totally effective. some are known to produce some very adverse reactions in certain individuals. Be particularly careful about taking Lariam. you should consult your doctor before taking any anti-malarial drugs.

People living in malarial areas often take no prophylactics and take medicines to cure malaria at the first onset of symptoms. Fansidar is commonly and fairly effectively used to get rid of the disease.

Causes of malaria
symptoms of malaria
prevention
info
statistics
treatment
long term and short term effects