Date: Tuesday Aug. 16, 2011 6:47 PM ET

TORONTO — Cigarette smoking has long been linked to bladder cancer, but the risk of the disease developing appears to have climbed higher over the last several decades, especially among women who regularly light up, a large U.S. study has determined.

the study by the U.S. National Cancer Institute, which tracked almost 500,000 people over 11 years, found the likelihood of a smoker getting bladder cancer is about four times higher than someone who has never smoked.

Furthermore, the risk for female smokers now equals that for male tobacco users, according to the study published in this week’s edition of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

“So in our study, 50 per cent of bladder cancer in men and 50 per cent of bladder cancer in women was explained by smoking,” said Neal Freedman, an NIH investigator who led the research.

Earlier epidemiological research, some of it going back to the 1960s and ’70s, had estimated the “population attributable risk” at 50 to 60 per cent for male smokers and 20 to 30 per cent for their female counterparts, Freedman said Tuesday from Rockville, Md.

“But previous studies generally occurred in populations where women smoked less than men,” he said. “And so (now) in the U.S. population and most of the western world — I’m not certain about Canada, but I believe also — men and women smoke relatively similar amounts.”

To conduct the research, Freedman and colleagues used data from the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study, in which almost 500,000 men and women completed a lifestyle questionnaire and were followed up between October 1995 and December 2006.

During that period, 3,896 men and 627 women were newly diagnosed with bladder cancer. the researchers found that former smokers were twice as likely as people who never used tobacco to develop bladder cancer. Those who had been smoke-free for at least 10 years had a lower incidence than those who quit for shorter periods or who still smoked.

“I think our work emphasizes the importance of preventing smoking initiation, and among people that smoke, quitting smoking,” said Freedman. “And that will have a really important effect on preventing bladder cancer.”

interestingly, the incidence of bladder cancer has remained relatively stable over the last 30 years, at the same time that overall smoking rates in Canada and the U.S. have declined.

in Canada, 7,200 cases of bladder cancer are expected to be diagnosed this year — 5,400 men and 1,800 women. About 1,850 people will die from the disease, Canadian Cancer Society estimates predict.

“The higher risk, as compared to studies reported in the mid- to late-1990s, may explain why bladder cancer rates haven’t declined,” said Freedman, noting that there may be other factors at work that complicate the picture.

Cigarettes and the smoke they produce have changed over the last 50 years, both in content and preparation, he pointed out. While amounts of tar and nicotine have been reduced, there have been apparent increases in concentrations of certain carcinogens, including beta-naphthylamine, a known bladder cancer-causing agent.

“In addition to that carcinogen there are many more, and all or some may play a role in bladder cancer.”

Dr. Michael Jewett, a uro-oncologist at Princess Margaret Hospital in Toronto, said the study’s risk estimates for U.S. smokers would likely hold true for Canadians as well.

“And I guess as we see more women smoking, we would expect there to be less difference between the genders,” said Jewett, who was not involved in the study.

While it’s not known what causes bladder cancer in people who have never smoked or been exposed to excess tobacco smoke, the link with the cancer-causing agents found in tobacco and industrial production have long been known.

“The urinary tract is a bit like the sewer systems: the bad things that go in come out,” said Jewett. “And the bladder itself, it’s the reservoir, so it will store until it’s convenient to be emptied, and things like the carcinogens in cigarette smoke … appear then to act on the lining of the bladder for longer than anywhere else.

“So it’s been well-established that there are carcinogens in the urine and cigarette smoking is probably the most well-known association.”

Bladder cancer affects about three or four times as many men as women and the average age of diagnosis is the late 60s, he said.

Typically, a patient’s first sign of bladder cancer is blood in the urine that’s visible to the naked eye. A sudden change in the frequency and-or urgency of urination is also a red flag, although other conditions such as kidney stones can cause similar symptoms.

“They need to be aware that if they see blood or if they have a change in the way their bladder is working, particularly if they’ve been a smoker or are a smoker or are around a smoker, they should have a visit to their doctor,” Jewett said.

it was seeing a gush of red urine that sent David Guttman of Georgetown, Ont., to the hospital and ultimately to a diagnosis of bladder cancer 17 years ago.

“It was as red as if someone had punctured a vein,” he said, explaining that blood in the urine is usually intermittent and may not appear again for another month, so people with the disease are often misdiagnosed initially.

Guttman, 71, had grown up with parents who smoked heavily, but after taking up the habit himself, he butted out for good 30 years before his diagnosis.

he was treated with a widely used drug to knock back the cancer, but like 80 per cent of patients with a malignancy in the lining of the bladder, the tumours kept recurring. five years ago, he had his bladder removed and now uses a urostomy bag.

Bladder cancer is the sixth most common malignancy among Canadians and the most expensive cancer to treat because of its recurring nature.

“When I was diagnosed, there was no one around to talk to,”said Guttman, who co-founded Bladder Cancer Canada to support patients, provide public education about the disease and to advocate for research funding.

the charitable organization is holding a series of five-kilometre bladder cancer awareness walks in various sites across Canada on Sept. 24.

“One of the problems that bladder cancer survivors and researchers and the system around it has with this disease is we haven’t had any real breakthroughs — new inventions, a new drug,” said Jewett. “And so as a result, the survivors are not in the spotlight.”

Copyright © 2011 National Public Radio®. for personal, noncommercial use only. See Terms of use. for other uses, prior permission required.

This is SCIENCE FRIDAY. I am Ira Flatow.

Up next, new guidelines for diagnosing a common disease. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, Alzheimer’s disease is the sixth-leading cause of death in the country, and the only one of those top 10 killers than cannot be prevented, cured or even slowed, says the Alzheimer’s Association. but even though there’s no good treatment, there are researchers who say there is a benefit to knowing the early symptoms, to figure out who might go on to develop the disease.

And earlier this week, the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association announced that for the first time in 27 years, they were changing the guidelines that clinicians use to diagnose Alzheimer’s to try and catch the disease earlier in people.

Joining me to talk more about this is my guest, Creighton Phelps. He’s director of the Alzheimer’s Disease Centers Program at the National Institute on Aging. It’s part of NIH.

Welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY.

Dr. CREIGHTON PHELPS (Director, Alzheimer’s Disease Centers Program, National Institute on Aging): Good afternoon. I’m happy to be here.

FLATOW: Tell us how the guidelines have changed. What’s different about these newer ones?

Dr. PHELPS: what we’ve done is sort of reconstructed our whole way of thinking about Alzheimer’s disease and divided it into stages. And then we have set up these guidelines that will allow us to define how to diagnose – at least in a couple of the stages – whether somebody is suffering from this awful disease. so what – the guidelines in 1984, 27 years ago, were for only the dementia phase of the disease. And that’s when – that’s the terminal stage, you know, the last stage of the disease.

We have clarified and changed those somewhat to let people know – or let the physicians know – that while memory is still very important, it doesn’t necessarily have to always be memory that would be the main component of the disorder. It can be other kinds of cognitive functions, such as what we call executive function, ability to make decisions, perhaps problems some in getting around in the environment, not being able to solve complex problems and so forth. so that’s been clarified.

We’ve also – didn’t know 27 years ago that there were other dimensions of the aging that could also be confused with Alzheimer’s disease. so we’ve addressed that, as well. And so – then that’s the dementia phase.

There’s a middle stage, which we call mild cognitive impairment. That’s been only known for about 10 years. It wasn’t even heard of back in 1984. And that is where people are not demented yet, but they’re starting to see signs of cognitive loss, and it’s starting to be noticeable. their family notices it. They may notice it themselves. the physician can test this.

But what’s really new is a – what we are calling a pre-clinical stage, which is something that we couldn’t even consider years ago, because we thought Alzheimer’s disease was the dementia phase, and that was it. what – now we’re finding that there are biomarkers, changes in the brain that can be measured that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease in the dementia phase. but we can pick these up at a much earlier stage in people that have no symptoms.

FLATOW: but – so can I can go in and get these tests done to pick up those stages, the earliest stage?

Dr. PHELPS: no, not right now, because these biomarkers are in the research phase right now. They have to be validated to be sure. We don’t want to give you the wrong information. so we need to be sure they’re tracking with the course of the disease so we wouldn’t give you the wrong idea that if you, you know, just because you might have the marker, it doesn’t mean you’re necessarily going to get the disease.

FLATOW: so what practical value, then, is there to creating these three separate stages, especially if you – if no one can be tested to see if they have the earliest stage?

Dr. PHELPS: there – the reasons we say this for now is primarily for research. It’s setting up a framework for earlier interventions if we have drugs, and there are many drugs under investigation right now in clinical trials, some of whom – some of them will affect the course of the disease. so we want to be ready with these standards and with these guidelines so that we could intervene earlier if the drugs suddenly become available.

FLATOW: what kind of biomarkers are you talking about?

Dr. PHELPS: These are primarily imaging biomarkers, so MRI scans, PET scans, and as well as some fluid biomarkers from spinal taps, the cerebrospinal fluid analysis. And there’s a normal protein that gets deposited in the brains of the – of Alzheimer’s patients, and we can pick up some of these proteins early, before there are any symptoms. so we’re thinking that this may be a pre-clinical stage.

FLATOW: It almost sounds to me like you’re putting together a retrospective study that will be used later on.

Dr. PHELPS: Well, it’s going to be updated constantly because there’s new data coming out almost monthly. And so, rather then waiting to do this every 27 years, we wanted to put a structure in place so that as new information is gathered, it can be plugged in at the appropriate place in these three stages, and it can be tested much quicker.

FLATOW: And so what people will you be using? how will – who were – I don’t mean to use the guinea pigs on this, but how will you be testing out your hypothesis about the early stages and collecting the data on it?

Dr. PHELPS: there is a very large study that we’re doing already. It’s been going on for the last six years – it’s just not finished yet – called, ADNI, which is the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, where we are following people longitudinally over time and testing them several times a year for all – for clinical signs. We’re doing imaging. We’re doing the biomarker -fluid biomarkers. We’ve looked at their genetics. And they’re continually updated. And all this data, then, is put in a huge computer out at UCLA. And it’s world – it’s open to anybody in the world who wants to study it.

Dr. PHELPS: And so we hope what we’re seeing now is changes occurring, and we can – starting to predict which people are going to convert to Alzheimer’s disease.

FLATOW: Do you have any real potential active drugs in the pipeline that are being – that are – might be tested on some of these folks?

Dr. PHELPS: there are a number of drugs that aren’t quite ready for primetime yet. but they are new kinds of drugs that actually interfere with the disease process rather than treating symptoms. the only drugs that we have available right now that are approved by the FDA are symptomatic, you know, some of the cholinesterase inhibitors that alleviate symptoms for a short period of time.

What we’re now looking at, and you’ve heard probably before, there have been some failed trials. There’s been some revised trials now on antibodies against the abnormal proteins in the brain. And if we can stop the amyloid, which is the protein we’re talking about, from being deposited to begin with, we’re hoping that might stall the progress of the disease. And those are being tested very actively right now.

FLATOW: Mm-hmm. how can the public – is there anything the public can do to be involved in this process?

Dr. PHELPS: there are clinical trials. And there’s a website called clinicaltrials.gov where you can go and find if there are any sites in your vicinity for patients to enter into clinical trials.

FLATOW: Do you have to have the symptoms of Alzheimer’s to get into the trials?

Dr. PHELPS: yes. Well, you have to be evaluated, just – not necessarily. some of the trials are for mild cognitive impairment. so it’s – and then there are always controls, also, so that people are – they want normal people in the trials, too, so that they can compare the people that have no symptoms with people who do.

FLATOW: Right. Given your guidelines, let’s say that you have aging parents or you might have a spouse or some loved one, someone you take care of or live with, are there signs, early signs, that you should be looking for in that person? And then what would you do with that knowledge?

Dr. PHELPS: It’s tricky, because there are some normal changes that occur, and it’s age-related. so with normal aging, we do see a little drop off in some functions, cognitive functions. so it’s a little difficult to know whether those are due to normal aging, or whether they are due to some changes because of a disease. but if there is a family history or – and there’s something very noticeable in its – and to over time, that seems to be getting worse, then the families should take the patient to the doctor for initial evaluation to see.

FLATOW: And you’re hoping that the doctor then looks at these new guidelines, and use it then?

Dr. PHELPS: That’s our goal. We’re really putting them out there and publicizing them quite a lot. And we’re contacting most of the major geriatric groups and physician organizations to let them know they’re available.

FLATOW: And is there anything we can do, each one of us in, let’s say, in preclinical stages, to sort of try to ward this off or to, you know – because we don’t really what causes it.

Dr. PHELPS: Well, that’s the problem. We can’t tell you precisely what to do. but what we can be fairly clear on is that all the things that are good for you in general for – to prevent heart disease, diabetes are probably good for Alzheimer’s disease, as well. but we haven’t nailed that down, mainly because we see that the people with diabetes are more prone to get Alzheimer’s disease, and people that have high blood pressure in mid-life also are prone to get Alzheimer’s disease.

FLATOW: so what do say to people who say to you: Why should I get diagnosed early, if there’s no treatment for it? Why just live with this in terror? And it’s better not to know.

Dr. PHELPS: Well, some will people will say that. yes, I agree. but then there are other rational people, I think, that will say, wait a minute. I don’t want to sit back and just wait and see what’s going to happen. what can I do to sort of plan for this? if I have a family – especially if they’re younger person that might have, still have kids – that would be very unusual case, of course, because this is a disease of elderly.

However, they can make legal plans. They can – health care power of attorney. They can get their financial affairs in order, who’s going to take care them when finally can’t take of themselves. And to me, it seems that, gives them a sense of control. They have a little – because, like, they’re losing control of their mind, but they are – they have – they can control what’s left, you know, for a while.

FLATOW: Does Medicare or health care plans pay for any of this?

Dr. PHELPS: oh, yes.

FLATOW: Mm-hmm. so this – especially with the aging population?

Dr. PHELPS: Well, this is – yes. This is going to be a major drain on Medicare and Medicaid because of the baby boomers, starting January of this year, started turning 65. And it’s been estimated there’s 10,000 people turning 65 every day.

FLATOW: so this is something you’re hoping will be an aid to finding people early enough. And I know – I think of the Framingham Study, where they study all these people for 30 years or so.

Dr. PHELPS: yes.

FLATOW: And used it as a retrospective study to see how heart disease was shaping up. I kind of thinking if that’s what you’re doing here.

Dr. PHELPS: in fact, we’re using the Framingham Study in studying cognition, in that same – the very same study. so, yes.

FLATOW: all right. Well, thank you very much for taking time to explain that to us.

Dr. PHELPS: Okay. It’s been my pleasure.

FLATOW: You’re welcome.

Dr. Creighton Phelps is director of the Alzheimer’s Disease Centers Program at the National Institutes of Aging. That’s part of the National Institutes of Health, talking with us today about Alzheimer’s.

I’m Ira Flatow. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY, from NPR.

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Oh, barf. Literally, though: Today, NBCLosAngeles.com reports on children with abdominal migraines, also called cyclic vomiting syndrome, a mysterious disorder that causes bouts of nausea and vomiting — sometimes as often as six times an hour — that can last for hours, or even days. (Days!) 

It’s a condition with no known cause or cure, according to the Mayo Clinic, but it most often occurs in kids ages 3 to 7. Typically, it’s something kids grow out of by the time they’re teenagers, but it can last into adulthood, which is when things get really icky: For adults, symptoms can last as long as a week.  

The National Institutes of Health lists all the possible triggers for an episode of near-constant retching: emotional stress or excitement; anxiety and panic attacks; colds, allergies, sinus problems and the flu; eating too much or eating before bed, hot weather, physical exhaustion, menstruation and motion sickness. (In short: Being alive can trigger symptoms.) Medications are sometimes prescribed to stop all the barfing, but the NIH says most people learn to control their symptoms by staying in bed and sleeping in a dark, quiet room. 

Quoth one small sufferer of cyclic vomiting syndrome: ”I’ll vomit up to about 40 times a day. That’s just terrible, terrible. For being my age especially,” Olivia Brown told NBCLosAngeles.com.

Poor thing. Readers, have you ever heard of cyclic vomiting syndrome? and, just for fun — tell us your grossest vomiting story, won’t you? For Olivia’s sake. 

You can find The Body Odd on Twitter and Facebook, and follow Melissa Dahl @melissadahl.

Is it possible that the symptoms of colitis can only be sharp persistent pain in your abdomen especially left side, and tenderness when you press on your left area near the navel? cause I don't seem to have more than those and it's been 4 month now…but the pain is so bad I go to hospital mostly, and usually I can't describe it, it's like very strong sharp colic in my left side of the abdomen-the colon area- just like if someone-and I’m not exaggerating – was stabbing me constantly with a sharp knife…
Can some one plz help…I’m miserable…

What kinds of tests have they done? Celiac disease can cause abdominal pain and sometimes no other symptoms.

csaceliacs.org/celiac_symptom…
celiac.com/articles/1106/1/Ce…
digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases…

female-late 40's

The symptoms depend on the type of tumor and the hormone produced.

You can do a web search on "signs and symptoms of pancreatic tumors" and read through the sites.

The early stage of pancreatic cancer often has no symptoms. there may be some pain on the left side of the abdomen which radiates to the back. Jaundice, loss of appetite, weight loss may also occur. Unfortunately most cases are diagnosed in the later stages of the disease when the cancer is more advanced.

Here is some more info:
nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/…

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