wht are the symptoms of disease eg:1,tuber culosis,measles,chicken pox, polio,cholera,typhoid, hepatitis b,maleria

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1 tuberculosis :Fever at night, cough, blood in cough etc
2 Measles : Fever, red rash all over the body
3 chicken pox: red spots generally turning to yellow, fever
4 polio : weak bones generally dis figured bones
5 Cholera :vomit and diarrhea, dehydration lack of water in body
6 Typhoid: high fever,sweating, diarrhea
7 Hepatitis b:loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, body aches, mild fever, dark urine, and then progresses to development of jaundice.
8 Maleria:fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain), vomiting, anemia (caused by hemolysis), hemoglobinuria, and convulsions.

AT least 2.5 million people will be vaccinated in northern Uganda against yellow fever that had by the weekend killed 45 people and infected 178 others.

The disease, whose fatality rate ranges between 15% and 50%, is taken so seriously that just one confirmed case is considered an outbreak by the World Health Organisation.

While the health ministry has instituted measures to contain the disease, a mass rather than ring-vaccination would be a more effective control mechanism. Diseases know no borders. With increased travel within the region the disease could have been transmitted far beyond the surrounding districts. therefore, a mass vaccination, as was done in the Gambia in the 1970s, is the best approach in the long run. Yellow fever vaccination could also be added to the expanded programme for immunisation that currently covers the six killer diseases – tetanus, diptheria, whooping cough, polio, TB and measles.

Global statistics show that yellow fever cases are on the increase with 90% of the 200,000 cases registered annually being in Africa. Uganda is therefore, likely to experience a resurgence of yellow fever, just like polio a few years ago.

Since most Ugandan health units are not equipped to test for yellow fever, the medical workers should be highly suspicious and investigate all cases with yellow fever symptoms like high fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, and backache. anybody who presents these symptoms should immediately take a medical check-up.

Uganda should be more vigilant since all factors responsible for the resurgence of yellow fever are prevalent here – reduced immunisation against the disease; deforestation bringing people in closer contact with monkeys and population movements making it easier to transport the disease far and wide.

Therefore, unless stringent measures like mass immunisation are taken in collaboration with neighbouring countries, Uganda is likely to register more yellow fever outbreaks in other places with its attendant costs.

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both can cause weakness and paralysis, but Parkinson's is degenerative, so it gets worse over time. Plus, people would know if they'd had polio.

Polio is very rare today, so the number of post-polio symptoms is very low compared to the 1960's.

Also, Parkinson's generally starts with a fine tremmor, or shaking, in one hand. it then progresses slowly, moving over the body, until it effects both arms, the legs, and so forth.

Later stage Parkinson's presents with a hunched posture, shuffling, slow gait, expressionless-face, slurred, lisping speech, significant tremmor, or a completely lack of movement, called akinesia, which can even interfere with breathing.

In the lastest stages, the person loses control of bowel functions, begins to experience dementia (forgetfulness, disorientation, confusion) and the ability to move at all, breathing becomes shallow, and eventually stops (so they die) Also, Parkinson's responds to a set of medications called L-dopa, which is a manmade form of a brain chemical, which lessens the symptoms.

Polio, I don't know as much about, but the post- syndromes are not degenerative, though they are usually permanent. Physical therapy and wheelchairs, braces, crutches, canes, etc, help with polio-syndromes.

Illegal immigrants bring tuberculosis to the US. the increase in illegal immigration is a hot topic lately. the debate over amnesty fails to consider the danger of allowing millions of people into the country without medical screening. the rise in illegal immigration and the incidence of communicable diseases such as drug-resistant tuberculosis, malaria, leprosy, plague, polio, dengue, and Chagas disease can’t be ignored. Tuberculosis and illegal immigrants Dallas County had a decrease in tuberculosis in 2009 due to an aggressive outreach program and a 1.9 million dollar budget. however, according to the Dallasnews.com, the incidence of TB cases in Dallas County, and Texas overall, was much higher than the national average, which was 4.2 cases per 100,000 people in 2008. Experts say there’s a reason for the higher incidence: Dallas County and Texas have a large immigrant and refugee population, coming from countries where the disease is endemic.These figures do not consider undiagnosed or new immigrants. Multidrug resistance tuberculosis according to the Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, tuberculosis’s return is fatal for about 60 percent of those contracting it because of new multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Until recently MDR-TB was specific to Mexico. this MDR-TB is resistant to major antitubercular drugs. TB usually is cured with six months of treatment and four drugs, costing about $2,000. MDR-TB takes two years and many expensive drugs that cost around $250, 000, with undesirable side effects. each illegal immigrant with MDR-TB coughs and infects up to 30 people, who will show no symptoms immediately. the latent disease explodes later.

Reference: Illegal immigrants bring tuberculosis

Q: There was an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease at my daughter's day care. what is this from?

A: Hand, foot and mouth disease is most commonly due to an infection from a Coxsackie virus. Coxsackie viruses are named after the town of Coxsackie, N.Y., where they were first isolated by Dr. Dalldorf in 1948 when he was looking for a cure for polio. Coxsackie viruses are a type of virus that live in the digestive track (enteroviruses) and are in the same family as hepatitis a and polio virus. There are two different groups of Coxsackie virus, and different serotypes within each group.

Enteroviruses are pretty contagious, and are commonly transmitted via the fecal-oral route; inadequate hygiene and/or hand washing by an infected person allows them to pass the virus on to someone else.

Coxsackie viruses can also be transmitted via respiratory secretions (from sneezing or coughing), and even from the fluid from skin blisters. after infection, the virus incubates for several days as it multiplies in the respiratory tract or small intestine (depending on the mode of transmission).

Infection with Coxsackie virus is very common. There are over 10 million infections from enteroviruses each year in the U.S., and up to a quarter of these are due to a Coxsackie virus. in fact, up to 80 percent of adults have antibodies to at least one type of enterovirus, showing they have had an infection in the past. Coxsackie virus is most common in children under age 5, although older children and adults get it as well.

About 90 percent of infections from Coxsackie virus either cause no symptoms or cause only non-specific flu-like symptoms such as fever, malaise, body aches and/or sore throat. However, the other 10 percent of the time other conditions result from Coxsackie virus infection.

Group B Coxsackie viruses can affect the heart, muscles, pleura (the sack around the lungs), the pancreas and/or liver, causing myocarditis (inflammation of the heart), pericarditis (inflammation of the sac around the heart), pleurodynia (pain in the chest or abdomen from inflammation of the muscles there) or hepatitis (inflammation of the liver).

Group a Coxsackie viruses typically affect the skin and/or mucous membranes. They can cause herpangina (with symptoms of fever and rash/sores in the throat), hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the eye) and hand, foot and mouth disease.

Hand, foot and mouth disease should not be confused with hoof and mouth disease which infects cloven foot animals such as cows, sheep and swine and is a totally different infection that does not affect humans.

the symptoms of hand, foot and mouth disease initially start with fever and flu-like symptoms. within a couple of days red spots in the mouth develop into sores, typically involving the gums, the inside of the cheeks and/or the tongue, as well as a non-itchy red rash (which can be flat or raised) on the hands and/or feet. not everyone with hand, foot and mouth disease has all the symptoms. the symptoms typically last several days and resolve on their own.

the diagnosis of hand, foot and mouth disease is made based on the history and physical examination; no further testing is usually indicated. Treatment is aimed at minimizing the symptoms (for example, acetaminophen for fever) and giving fluids to prevent dehydration (the sore mouth can decrease oral intake).

Uncommonly, Coxsackie virus can cause severe illness, including those already noted above from Group B infection. Furthermore, meningitis (inflammation of the lining around the brain and spinal cord) and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) can complicate infection from Group a or Group B viruses. These more severe infections are usually treated in the hospital with supportive care (there are no specific medications to help treat Coxsackie virus infection), although there are some reports that myocarditis (and possibly other severe cases) may benefit from intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.

Verification of the diagnosis for more severe infections is usually done by laboratory analysis (isolation of the virus in cell cultures or a PCR test) of fluids from the patient (such as a throat swab, stool specimen or even fluid from the blisters).

There is no vaccine to prevent Coxsackie virus infection. since Coxsackie virus infection more commonly occurs in children, it is important to keep infectious children out of day care/school, encourage good hand washing and to disinfect commonly touched surfaces.

Although infection from a serotype of Coxsackie virus gives lifelong immunity, it is only immunity for that specific serotype; therefore it is still possible to become infected from other serotypes.

Jeff Hersh, Ph.D., M.D., F.a.a.P., F.a.C.P., F.a.a.E.P., can be reached at .