types of pesticide poisoning and first aid measures

, organic phosphorus:

effect of organophosphorus pesticide insecticide high toxicity to humans and animals also big . at present the vast majority of pesticide poisoning is caused by organic phosphorus pesticides. organophosphorus pesticide poisoning effect is through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and skin are three ways to cause poisoning. organophosphorus pesticides enter the body through the blood, lymph quickly transported to the body various organs, the most abundant in liver, kidney, lung, bone, followed by muscle and low levels in brain tissue, and its toxicological effect is to inhibit cholinesterase activity was the body that break down acetylcholine, choline enzyme loses the ability to the excessive accumulation of acetylcholine in the body. poisoning was mainly due to central respiratory failure, respiratory muscle paralysis and asphyxiation; bronchial spasm, bronchial cavity sink mucus, increased respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, and promote death.

? mild poisoning symptoms: headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sweating, weakness, chest tightness, blurred vision loss of appetite, etc..

? moderate poisoning symptoms: in addition to the mild symptoms of poisoning, but also a mild difficulty in breathing, muscle tremors, miosis, trance, unsteady gait, sweating, salivation, abdominal pain and diarrhea.

? moderate to severe symptoms of poisoning: in addition to the mild and moderate symptoms, but also coma, convulsions, difficulty breathing, foaming at the mouth, pulmonary edema, miosis, incontinence, convulsions, respiratory paralysis. early or mild intoxication is often overlooked, and the symptoms of heat stroke enteritis and other diseases with similar flu should be taken seriously enough. organophosphorus pesticide poisoning symptoms can be caused by different varieties and different . dimethoate poisoning symptoms, incubation period is longer, and longer migration time symptoms, but also with changing trends, improvement will occur after repeated, and then suddenly developed symptoms could easily lead to death. malathion poisoning after oral intake of the disease serious, long course, there will be repeated later. dichlorvos oral poisoning, coma soon, prone to respiratory paralysis, pulmonary edema and cerebral edema; percutaneous poisoning headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, sweating, miosis, facial pale, etc., skin blisters and burns and other symptoms. parathion, the percutaneous absorption of phosphorus poisoning, poisoning if the headache intensified that severe myocardial damage after the apparent poisoning, caused by myocardial contraction, weakness, low blood pressure and other circulatory failure.

() first Aid: The poisoned away from the scene, where the air fresh, clear toxins, pollution, underwear off, immediately flush skin or eyes. on by lead poisoning, vomiting should be taken immediately, stomach, leading diarrhea and other emergency measures.

() treatment: timely antidote taken correctly, with the commonly used organophosphate antidote anticholinergic agents and cholinesterase agent.

? with anti-cholinergic agent. Atropine is the rescue of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning one of the most effective antidote, but for advanced respiratory paralysis is not valid. to early treatment with atropine, foot, fast, complex.

of mild poisoning by subcutaneous injection of atropine 1 to 2 mg every 4 to 6 hours intramuscularly or orally from 0.4 to 0.6 mg of atropine, until symptoms disappear. of moderate poisoning, atropine 2 4 mg intravenously every 15 to 30 minutes after the repeated injection of 1 to 2 mg of atropine after the switch to achieve the maintenance dose, subcutaneous injection every 4 to 6 hours 0.5 mg.

of oral poisoning, started 2 to 4 mg of atropine intravenously every 15 to 30 minutes after repeated injections of atropine to reach every 2 to 4 hours after the intravenous injection of 0.5 to 1 mg of atropine until symptoms disappear.

for severe poisoning, skin or respiratory tract caused by poisoning, starting with 3 to 5 mg of atropine intravenously every 10 to 30 minutes after repeated injections of atropine after the use of maintenance dose every 2 4-hour intravenous atropine 0.5 to 1 mg.

poisoning of the digestive tract, beginning with 5 to 10 mg of atropine intravenously every 10 to 30 minutes after repeated injections, Dae Tuo Goods of every 1 to 2 hours after the intravenous injection of atropine 0.5 to 2 mg until symptoms disappear. atropinization indicators: the pupil dilated than before, the heart rate to 120 times faster, mouth dry, facial flushing, saliva reduced secretion, decreased lung wet rales disappeared, to reduce disturbance of consciousness, coma and began to recover, abdominal swelling, bowel sounds decrease, bladder and other urinary retention. These targets must be integrated to determine not only see to the withdrawal of a target , according to the specific circumstances of low-dose maintenance, in order to avoid repeated illness.

First, when an unknown in the diagnosis of large doses of atropine can not be blind to avoid A atropine poisoning.

Second, severe hypoxia, oxygen should be immediately and maintain smooth breathing. both atropine treatment.

third is associated with elevated body temperature, using physical cooling after atropine. atropine combined with cholinesterase agents should reduce the dosage of atropine.

? with cholinesterase agent. solvability common P fixed, determined phosphorus chloride, phosphorus double recovery.

pralidoxime: mild poisoning with 0.4 ~ 0.8 g pralidoxime, and then glucose or saline 10 dilution was made after intravenous injection of 20 ml , repeated every 2 hours. moderately poisoned with 0.8 to 1.2 grams for the slow intravenous injection, with a 0.4 hour after the intravenous injection of 0.8 g of 3 to 4 times. moderate and severe poisoning with 1.2 grams for intravenous injection, a half-hour repeat once, after intravenous injection of 0.4 grams per hour, or by drip.

chloride phosphate that: mild poisoning by intramuscular injection with 0.25 to 0.5 grams, if necessary, 2 to 4 hours after the repeat. Moderate poisoning muscle with 0.5 to 0.75 grams or intravenous, 1 to 2 hours after repeated once every 2 to 4 hours after injection of 0.5 g to get better reduction or withdrawal. severe poisoning the muscle with 0.75 to 1.0 gram or intravenous half an hour still do not bear fruit can be repeated once every 2 hours after intramuscular or intravenous injection of 0.5 g, the condition has improved, where appropriate, reduction or withdrawal.

Double Complex P: 0.125 ~ with mild poisoning 0.25 g intramuscular injection, if necessary, repeat 2 to 3 hours. moderate poisoning or intravenous injection of 0.5 g of muscle, repeated injection of 2 to 3 hours, depending on withdrawal of medication condition improved. severe poisoning vein with 0.5 ~ 0.75 grams injection, after half an hour is not effective, can be further injection of 0.5 grams. after repeated every 2 to 3 hours until her condition improved injection of 0.25 grams.

one should be poisoned within 24 hours of use to the full amount, and to maintain 48 hours.

second cholinesterase agent therapy of parathion, the absorption of phosphorus, phorate poisoning effect is significant, but dichlorvos , trichlorfon pesticide poisoning poor efficacy.

third course of treatment is necessary to strictly control the amount of drug overdoses cause poisoning.

Fourth, complex agents on renal function can be damage, on people with kidney disease should be used with caution.

Fifth, special attention should not be used as prophylactic atropine or pralidoxime exposure to organophosphorus pesticides drugs to people, otherwise it will cover up the poisoning Early signs and symptoms, delay in treatment time.

() Chinese Herbal Medicine: Available mung bean, licorice Jianshui the one or two services. Tuo carrots can also be spread from 0.3 to 0.9 g Jianshui clothing. can also be used Rooster four ounces of each tail and honeysuckle, licorice twenty-two Jianshui service.

() Acupuncture: Acupuncture dizziness, headache can be the sun, the wind pool points; nausea and vomiting during acupuncture off, antiemetic point ; abdominal pain in the abdominal acupuncture, acupoint; diarrhea acupuncture Tianshu, air sea, diarrhea and other points; acupuncture Dazhui twitch Zusanli, chi point; breathing difficulties stimulation of phrenic nerves. it should be noted that acupuncture have expertise in this area by a doctor to implement.

() symptomatic treatment: those on oxygen breathing difficulties, severe artificial respiration. of brain edema diuretic drugs should be quick to dehydration, but also to take protection brain cells medicine, dehydration in a large number of sweat, the salt should be added, pay attention to electrolyte balance. prohibiting the use of organophosphate poisoning morphine, theophylline, phenothiazines, reserpine.

carbamate pesticide commonly used varieties are: carbaryl, Zhongding Wei, Ye Fei San, cartap, pirimicarb, metolcarb, mixed off Granville, isoprocarb, off more Viagra, with its available through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, skin, causing poisoning. such pesticide is a cholinesterase inhibitor, but it is different from the organic phosphorus preparation, it is the combination of the molecules and cholinesterase, therefore, the smaller the degree of hydrolysis of the more toxic too. it is only to form a complex with AChE, this complex easily hydrolyzed in the body, rapid recovery of cholinesterase activity may be, it combines with the enzyme choline is reversible, inhibition of cholinesterase after the fast, it is generally not cause serious poisoning. phthalocyanine of the carbamate cholinesterase unstable, making the carbamate pesticide poisoning symptoms appear quickly, usually a few minutes to 1 hour is shown, making the toxic dose and lethal dose were significantly different. in addition the blood ChE activity can not be tested for toxicity indicators. carbamate pesticide poisoning deaths are mostly the cause of death and pulmonary edema, respiratory disorder.

() poisoning symptoms: dizziness, headache, weakness, pale, nausea, vomiting, sweating, salivation, miosis, blurred vision. severe drop in blood pressure, consciousness, blurred, skin contact dermatitis, such as rubella and local swelling and itching, conjunctival hyperemia, tearing, chest tightness, shortness of breath. but metabolism of these pesticides in fast, fast excretion, mild poisoning in general, in 12 to 24 hours to fully recover faster in the 1 to 2 hours will be able to recover.

() first Aid: Immediate from the scene to fresh air place, take off clothes, wash thoroughly with soap and water. poisoning by oral gastric lavage immediately induce vomiting and so on. Note clear airway dirt, breathing difficulties were to be taken on artificial respiration. infusions can accelerate the toxic discharge, but to prevent pulmonary edema.

() treatment: the effect of atropine, the best, with 0.5 to 2 mg oral or intravenous or intramuscular injection, repeated every 15 minutes to atropine, maintaining atropinization until symptoms disappear. can not be used longer able to agents. appears to atropine treatment of the main pulmonary edema, severe illness were added with adrenal factors. excessive water loss to infusion therapy. respiratory tract disease should pay attention to maintaining clear, to maintain respiratory function.

require special attention are: pralidoxime to alleviate the symptoms of carbamate pesticide poisoning is not only useless , but have side effects. Thus, such pesticide poisoning must not use pralidoxime.

pyrethroid insecticides commonly used varieties are: bromine cyanide permethrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, tetramethrin, permethrin ether, and many more are in the low toxicity of pesticides to human and animals is more secure, but can not ignore the safe operation, or can cause poisoning. of such pesticides is a kinds of nerve agents, acting on the nerve membrane, which can change through the nerve membrane permeability, nerve conduction disturbance caused poisoning. but such pesticides in the mammalian liver enzyme hydrolysis and oxidation under the action can, and most of the metabolites can be rapidly discharged in vitro.

() poisoning symptoms:

? oral symptoms of poisoning. oral poisoning mild symptoms of headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, epigastric burning feeling, fatigue , loss of appetite, chest tightness, salivation and so on. moderate symptoms in addition to the above symptoms also appeared dim consciousness, mouth, nose, tracheal secretions increase, his hands trembling, muscle twitching, irregular heartbeat, breathing becomes difficult. severe respiratory symptoms difficulties, cyanosis, pulmonary blisters sound, limbs paroxysmal convulsions or convulsions, loss of consciousness, deep coma or a severe shock, severe tonic seizures occur when repeated suffocation caused by laryngeal spasm.

? The skin symptoms of poisoning. skin redness and hot, itching, numbness, severe rash, blisters, erosion. eyes after the performance by the pesticide invasive conjunctival congestion, pain, photophobia, tearing, eyelid swelling.

() first Aid: The oral poisoning should immediately induce vomiting, gastric lavage. of poisoning through the skin immediately with soap and water, rinse the skin, dermatitis can calamine lotion or 2% to 3% boric acid water wet compress; eyes with plenty of water contaminated with pesticides or saline flushing, oral chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, etc..

() Treatment: no effective antidote, the treatment can only be the right medicine.

? of restlessness, convulsions, seizures who are available 10 to 20 mg intramuscular injection of stability or IV; or sedative phenobarbital 00.1 ~ 0.2 g intramuscularly; 4 to 6 hours when necessary, re-use once .

? saliva flow more than those available atropine saliva.

? difficulty of breathing, should be given oxygen, should also pay attention to keep the airway open.

? available on cerebral edema 25% 20% mannitol or sorbitol, or intravenous infusion 250 ml; or 10 to 20 ml of dexamethasone or hydrocortisone 200 mg pine 10% glucose solution by adding 100 to 200 ml intravenous infusion.