ATLANTA — the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Thursday released new recommendations to treat latent tuberculosis infection.

The new recommendations, published in CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, provide guidance on how to administer a new 12-dose regimen for TB preventive therapy that will significantly shorten and simplify the course of treatment from about nine months to 12 weeks. the recommendations are based on the results of three clinical trials, as well as expert opinion.

“this regimen has the potential to be a game-changer in the United States when it comes to fighting TB,” CDC director Thomas Frieden said. “it gives us a new, effective option that will reduce by two-thirds — from nine months to three months — the length of time someone needs to take medicine to prevent latent TB infection from progressing to active TB disease.”

Latent TB infection occurs when a person has TB bacteria but does not have symptoms and cannot transmit the bacteria to others. In the United States, the number of persons with TB disease is at an all-time low (11,182 total cases were reported in 2010); however, approximately 4% of the U.S. population, or 11 million people, are infected with the TB bacterium. TB continues to disproportionately affect people of color and foreign-born persons in this country.

“If we are going to achieve our goal of TB elimination in the United States, we must ensure that those with latent TB infection receive appropriate evaluation and treatment to prevent their infection from progressing to TB disease and possibly spreading to others,” said Kevin Fenton, M.D., director of CDC’s National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention.  “it is critical that we accelerate progress against TB in the United States in order to avoid a resurgence of the disease.”

The new 12-dose regimen adds another effective treatment option to the prevention toolkit for TB, and is not meant to replace other preventative treatment regimens for all patients where the new regimen is not the best option. the regimen includes 12 once-weekly doses of rifapentine and isoniazid. Doses should be taken under the supervision of a health care worker to ensure completion of doses and to allow for monitoring of safety among patients.

Tuberculosis (often called TB) is an infectious disease that usually attacks the lungs, but can attack almost any part of the body. Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through the air.

When people with TB in their lungs or throat cough, laugh, sneeze, sing, or even talk, the germs that cause TB may be spread into the air. If another person breathes in these germs there is a chance that they will become infected with tuberculosis. Repeated contact is usually required for infection.

It is important to understand that there is a difference between being infected with TB and having TB disease. someone who is infected with TB has the TB germs, or bacteria, in their body. The body’s defenses are protecting them from the germs and they are not sick. This is referred to as latent TBI.

Someone with TB disease is sick and can spread the disease to other people. A person with TB disease needs to see a doctor as soon as possible. This is referred to as active TBII.

It is not easy to become infected with tuberculosis. usually a person has to be close to someone with TB disease for a long period of time. TB is usually spread between family members, close friends, and people who work or live together. TB is spread most easily in closed spaces over a long period of time. however, transmission in an airplane, although rare, has been documented.

Even if someone becomes infected with tuberculosis, that does not mean they will get TB disease. Most people who become infected do not develop TB disease because their body’s defenses protect them. Most active cases of TB disease result from activating old infection in people with impaired immune systems.

Experts believe that about 10 million Americans are infected with TB germs. only about 10 percent of these people will develop TB disease in their lifetime. The other 90 percent will never get sick from the TB germs or be able to spread them to other people.1

TB is an increasing and major world wide problem, especially in Africa where the spread has been facilitated by AIDS. It is estimated that nearly 1 billion people will become newly infected, over 150 million will become sick, and 36 million will die worldwide between now and 2020 — if control is not further strengthened. each year there are more than 9 million cases and close to 2 million deaths attributed to TB; 100,000 of those 2 million deaths occur among children.2

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TUBERCULOSIS (TB)

Is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. the disease can be transmitted through saliva when people cough spray. . These bacteria are bacillus bacteria which is very strong so it takes a long time to treat it. These bacteria often infect the lungs organs other than the part

Symptoms:

• Cough with phlegm for more than three weeks.
• Sweating at night.
• Patients with decreased appetite resulting in the body becomes thinner and less power.
• It can also be accompanied by a cough that bleed.
• Patients will also experience a fever, especially in the afternoon or evening.

Prevention and solutions :
If there is one from neighbors or family members who experience these symptoms, you should suggest to consult a doctor to know whether the cough is TB disease or not. because sometimes a cough illness is often considered trivial, but this disease can kill someone if not immediately addressed and can be transmitted to others.

Treatment :
This disease also is actually the one who has conquered the disease, but later returned to attack. One is due to tuberculosis are not spending their drugs. Drugs must be taken regularly for six to nine months to cure this disease. No medications can cause sufferers to spend can not be cured and no longer able to lead drug fight germs because germs become resistant and more controlled body cells.

Treatment for TB when it is found early is not really too expensive and easy to cure because the existing drugs provided by the government. If needed, patients with TB can also be quarantined in a special place in order not to transmit the disease.
Household Health Survey results M O H in 1992, showed that TB / TB is a disease the second leading cause of death, while in the year 1986 is the fourth leading cause of death. In 1999 the WHO Global Surveillance estimates that in Indonesia there are 583 000 tuberculosis patients / year with 262 000 new TB smear positive or incidence rate is approximately 130 per 100,000 population. Deaths from Tuberculosis / TB is estimated to hit 140,000 residents each year.
The incidence of reported TB increased dramatically in the last decade worldwide. Similarly in Indonesia, Tuberculosis / TB is a health problem, both in terms of mortality rate (mortality), incidence of diseases (morbidity), as well as diagnosis and treatment. with a population of more than 200 million people, Indonesia ranks third after India and China in terms of number of patients among the 22 countries with the largest in the world’s TB problem.

ASTHMA

Cause :
The existence of temporary constriction of the respiratory tract that can cause sufferers to feel shortness of breath. Refinement occurs because the vessels of the throat. Heredity plays an important role in this disease. Asthma Disease (Asthma) is a chronic disease (chronic) that attacks the respiratory tract , where there is inflammation in the lung (inflammatory) cavity wall causing narrowing of the airways that eventually someone experiencing shortness of breath.
Allergies to things like dust, changes in temperature, humidity, excessive exercise or emotional stress can cause allergies so that the membranes lining the vessels will swell and excessive mucus so that the vessels become narrower, and the patient had difficulty breathing. despite the shortness of breath attacks can go away, but heavy attacks if not treated can cause death because the patient can not breathe.

Symptoms:
Shortness of breath accompanied by wheezing sound (wheezing)

Prevention and solution:
Avoid things that can cause allergies in people that resulted in an asthma attack. For example, by cleaning the dust on the mattresses, pillows or blankets. Avoid extreme temperature and humidity.

Treatment:
To cope with asthma attacks is to use a salve medicine (bronchodilator) inhaled manner. Another way is to do therapy that will teach how to relax and catch my breath in case of an asthma attack. when asthma is severe, can use drugs lozenges daily until asthma attacks can be controlled. So, it is advisable for sufferers to carry drugs into any salve he went to immediate use in case of attack.
Asthma Disease (Asthma) has yet to be treated completely, this means that an asthma attack can occur in the future. Handling and delivery of medicines to patients with asthma attacks is as action arising which adjusted for the severity of signs and symptoms themselves. the basic principle of handling an asthma attack is by providing good drug injection (hydrocortisone), syrup,) or nebulizer to help loosen respiratory tract.

In mild cases where the perceived existence of the complaints that lead to symptoms of asthma attacks or to prevent further attacks, the medical team or doctor will give medicine . For patients with asthma, it is suggested to them to provide / store inhaled medications wherever they are which can help loosen respiratory attacks.

How to Avoid Asthma Attacks :
Appropriate steps can be done to avoid an asthma attack is away from the underlying factors that lead to asthma attacks itself. each patient generally has its own characteristics to things that trigger asthma attacks.
After the occurrence of asthma attacks, when patients feel they can breathe but are advised to continue with appropriate treatment and dosage of medication given by doctors for safe and without risk.

EMPHYSEMA

Cause:
Due to loss of elasticity of the alveoli. Alveolus itself is the bubbles contained in the lungs. In patients with emphysema, lung volume is greater than a healthy person because the carbon dioxide should be expelled from the lungs trapped inside. Cigarette smoke and the enzyme deficiency of alpha 1 is the cause of loss of lung elasticity in this.

Symptoms:

• Reduced appetite and weight declined.
• Shortness of breath attacks for a long time.

Prevention and solutions:
Avoiding cigarette smoke is the best step to prevent this disease.

PNEUMONIA

Cause:
Pneumonia is an infection that occurs in lung tissue (parenchymal) caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Generally caused by streptococcal bacteria (Streptococcus) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria.

Symptoms:

• Experienced cough with phlegm phlegm is thick and yellow.
• Chest pain.
• Shortness of breath is also accompanied by high fever.

Prevention and solutions:
Always maintain cleanliness and keeping your body strong resistance can prevent the bacteria can not penetrate the body’s health defense.
Get used to washing hands, eating nutritious foods or exercise regularly.

Treatment:
If already suffering from pneumonia, is usually cured by taking antibiotics.
Doctors generally will provide recommendations in accordance with the severity of pneumonia, the person concerned. For severe cases, hospitalization is an obligation. If the cause is bacterial, then you will be strongly encouraged to diet of antibiotics.